Senior Year

Art & Science of Ocularistry

I am training with my dad to become an Ocularist. Ocularists make artificial eyes or ocular prosthetics. Below are pictures of some of my work, the tools and equipment I use and a little bit of the process.

Here is the oven we use to heat the eyes after we clear them so that it "sets" up. Monopoly, molds, tin foil, monomer and a bunsen burner pictured here are all used.

This is a grinding wheel. On the left is High Shine and on the right is Tripoly, These are all used to polish the eyes.

This is where we set up the molds.

This is the interior side of an artificial eye I made.

Here is the posterior (and completed) eye.

Here is a box full of temporary eyes, grinding tools, and molds.

On the left is pumice and the right is grinding which is used for polishing and shaping the eyes.

Here are some eyes I painted and veined and the tools and paint I used to do so.

Yoga
I took yoga for my senior year. Here are some of my favorite poses.

Tree Pose

Side Plank

Locust

Lotus Position

Psychology

I really enjoyed my psychology class. All the tests and workbook assignments helped me learn more about myself. I also created a collage of showing those things most important to me. 

Women's Literature

After reading, evaluating and discussing  many books written by women I was asked to write an essay of personal reflection that included my future goals. 
You'll find it below. 

Me, Myself & I 

     My name is Ruthie Johnston, I am 18 years old, I live in two places, Chicago and Indiana, and I am a Ocularist in training, which means I am learning how to make artificial eyes.There are a lot of people in the world who have lost their eyes due to blindness, an accident, cancer or another illness and it is so nice to help them out. I’ve always wanted to help people in any way I can and becoming an Ocularist will help me achieve that goal. I have been working with my dad for about a year now and I can honestly say I am really

   enjoying it. It is a very interesting job that not many people have the opportunity to do. 

           My mom and my dad are my biggest supporters and definitely the people I look up to the most. Without them I don't know where I would be. 

My mom got diagnosed with cancer when I just turned 14, it changed my family's lives so much. I really thought I was going to grow up without my mom by my side, because I truly didn't know how bad or good her health was and I didn't know anything about cancer really. I didn't really need to know anything about cancer, I was 14. Most of that year has blended in with the past 4 years for me really. I remember my parents sitting us down explaining what was happening and I remember the first time they told us “prepare for the worst, hope for the best.” I remember the first time I saw my dad cry and I remember my horse backing riding trainer of 8 years coming up to me saying she was there if I needed her. I remember a lot of things. I especially remember being jealous of my older siblings because they got to spend more time with my mom then I did simply by just being that much older than me. I remember becoming very sad, and I remember my mom fighting for her life, for us. And she continues to fight. She is most definitely the strongest woman I know and I hope that one day I can be half the woman she is. She definitely pushes me to be the best that I can be so I think my chances are good.

It's the same with my dad. I don't know how I got so lucky. They showed me that taking the high road no matter what and being strong and confident was some of the most important things in life. They have taught me so much and I hope I make them proud.

My future scares me, but I am excited for it. I really want to travel the world. It would be great to have a life where I can brag to friends and family about my traveling, my work and just my life. I want to be happy.  

And on a broader spectrum, I want people to understand equal rights more and appreciate the seriousness and necessity of them. I also want people to be okay with LGBTQ+ people. I want the world to start saving the planet! And I really want peace as well for my future.  Somehow I want to be apart of those movements.

 I try to see greatest in all people. I try to lift people up rather than bring people down. I hate all of the hate that is in the world. If I could change anything on this earth it would be equality, no matter the color of your skin, no matter the gender you are, no matter what you believe in, we should all be equals. That’s what I want to change in this world. I am a Feminist and I see no shame in being one. And nobody should.

These are the things Ive experienced and learned about myself over the past four years. I hope I am fortunate enough to follow my dreams and live the life Ive thought so much about.

Junior Year

Junior Year
Art of Ocularistry

I have been apprenticing with my dad to become an Ocularist
(someone who makes artificial eyes).








Equestrianism

Even more horse back riding!

Science of Ocularistry

Poetry

Some poems I wrote.

Lost

I lost you
Someone I thought I would have forever

But even when you lose you gain something too

A better you





The Seasons

Summer is a haze

Swimming pools and popsicles 

90 degree days

Friends gathered around bonfires

Fall is a killer

Leaves change color and begin to die

Halloween is coming, kids are carving 

Parents, relieved with a sigh

The night ends safe 

Winter is a breath of fresh air

The water turns to ice and the grounds freeze over

Nights end by the fire, parents coddling their kids in the rocking chair

Spring is our new beginning 

New flowers bloom and trees sprout

Once isolated indoors,

The children come out

Introduction to Horror Film

I love scary movies. Here's a paper I wrote for my Intro to Horror Film class.

Favorite Horror Film Report

The Movie Scream

Scream is a American slasher/horror film that was released in December of 1996 and was directed by Wes Craven. Scream is a clever and interesting film and it is one of my favorites because it was one of the first scary movies I saw. Not only is it scary, but it is also funny. The viewer gets to laugh while still being afraid that the killer might come into their house and throw a chair through a ridiculously huge window. Also, Sidney, the main character, is a total boss. In most scary movies the girls cry and scream for help, and of course she does that too, but she also actually puts up a fight against the killer.

In the opening scene of scream, you see Casey Becker, played by Drew Barrymore, a cute and innocent blonde teenager. Her telephone rings, she answers, it’s a man who says he called the wrong number, so she hangs up. He calls again and tells her not to hang up, but she hangs up anyway. He calls her three times and at first she's annoyed but then they get to talking and she starts to flirt with him a little. He slips up and says he wants to know the name of the girl he’s “looking at.” She hangs up on the now super creepy caller, but he keeps calling and begins to threaten her if she hangs up on him again. It’s set to seem as if she's in the middle of nowhere, with cornfields and trees all around, obviously it’s night time and, of course, most of her house is made of uncovered windows. And so the fun begins.

Throughout the movie they hint who the killer is multiple times, but they keep you guessing. That's why after you've finished it you should watch it again, because it's even more fun the second time around. There is a lot of funny dialogue that keeps the viewer laughing, and the characters are cartoonish.

Stu, played by Matthew Lillard reminds me of Shaggy from Scooby Doo, except

 with with a twisted sense of humor. While all of the characters in the movie are funny, there is one who is dead serious.

Sidney, played by Neve Campbell is a badass. She kicks the killers butt more than once throughout the movie, and she out smarts both of the killers at the end. I really like her because she knows how to put up a fight and sticks to her gut feelings. It is nice to see a young woman take the lead and be more serious than the goofy males in the movie. In the end she solves the mystery which leads to the death of the killers.

I have watched this movie more than once and each time I watch it there are more things that make me laugh and I never get tired of watching Sidney kick butt.

Contemporary Literature II

My final project for Contemporary Lit was to compare and contrast Margaret Atwood's book to the new HULU series.

Handmaid’s Tale

In this essay I will compare and contrast the Hulu show and book Handmaid’s Tale written and produced by Margaret Atwood.

Handmaid’s Tale is about a woman once named June, but her name has been changed to Offerd because she now is forced to live in a world where new laws and her previous lifestyle has been altered drastically.

June is taken from her husband and little girl while trying to escape from these new, crazy laws to be used as a baby maker in a post war world where fertility is hard to come by. She is forced to live with the Fred Waterford the commander of Gillad (once known as the city Boston) and his wife Serena in order to create and carry a baby they will call theirs.

The differences between the book, published in 1985, and show are very subtle, but yet obvious. I truly appreciate this because I think the series does an excellent job of switching things up to be modern and yet it manages to also keep with the very important themes of the book. There are simple nuances to be noted as well, such as the lowering of Serena and the Commander ages, or the series’ revelation of lesbian characters, which is not displayed in the book.

I also believe the series describes more about June and her past than the book does. The book is mostly all about June, but almost in a different light. In the book they never really talk about what her husband Luke or child Hannah look like or whether Luke ever did reach the boarder like the tv show does. The book describes how June wants to find them and needs to know that they're okay but that is it. The series goes so far as to follow what's happening with both Luke and Hannah post losing June. It delves deeply into June’s past, unlike the book, sometimes having entire episodes on the life she lived before Gilliad.

The series shows more of the lives and personalities of the other characters (other handmaids; those rebelling; members of Gilliad council) pre and post Gilliad and describes them more, so much more that sometimes they can seem like different characters from the book altogether. For example, in the book Janine is completely sane, as for the show we learn and know so much about Janine that we discover she's absolutely nuts. Entire episodes can be devoted to characters other than June, unlike the book.

However, the series keeps in tune with the book as well as swaying from it. For example, the end of the book and the first season of the show are very alike. In both the series and the book, when June is forced into the van we’re left wondering if Ofglen (June’s shopping partner) died and was forced to rat June out since we know their walks included talking about things they shouldn't have been talking about, including being non-believers. That’s also the beauty of the series- simply put, it goes on. The book ends and so we never find out what actually happened to Ofglen. We never know what happens to any of the characters. We just know June gets in the van and that is that.

I personally prefer the series over the book, even though I know there would be no series if not for the book. The actors really bring the series to life, the stories are horrifyingly amazing, and I highly recommend watching to anyone.

But the bottom line is the story of The Handmaids Tale, whether book or tv series, is jaw dropping, and in my opinion anyone and everyone should experience it one way or the other...or both!

Reading List

My Reading List

Handmaid's Tale

Night Shift 

The Tell-Tale Heart

Jane Eyre 

The Fault in Our Stars 

An Abundance of Katherines 

Paper Towns

Looking For Alaska 

The Poet's Voice (including Crossing, The Weed, Riprap, My Beloved, Coded Language, 

The Plastic Sea, I'm Only Warning, & Still I Rise)

Pet Cemetery

Divergent

Vampire Diaries Collection 1-10

It

Thinner

Things Fall Apart
Inuyasha Series 1-5
Black Butler Books 1&2
Elanor and Parks
We Were Liars
The Art of Secrets
A Madness So discreet
The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing
Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda
The Hate U Game
Where Things Come Back
Asking For It
All the Bright Places
Challenger Deep
Grasshopper Jungle
Out of Darkness
Code Name Verity
All the Rage: A Novel
Burn Baby Burn
Here We Are: Feminism for the Real World
The Lightening Dreamer: Cuba's Greatest Abolitionist
I Am the Messenger
Pointe
Speak
The Monstrumologist
The Ghosts of Heaven
The Coldest Girl in Coldtown
Cherry
The House on Mango Street
Ellen Foster
The Disreputable History of Frankie Landau-Banks
The Women's Movement and Young Women Today


(See complete list on Clonlara)

   

  

Sophomore Year

Sophomore Year

I got a puppy after my dog died and made a class out of my training him. Here is a short video of us.

• Puppy Training

Equestrianism
More horseback riding and this time I made it to the teen world championship barrel racing competition!

Pre-Algebra

Started some pre-algebra my sophomore year. 
Here's a few examples of my work.

Biology

Completed a biology course. 
Here are examples of class work and lab work.

1:

species diversity as evenness or richness in a species.

genetic diversity as the amount of characteristics that make up different species.

ecosystem diversity as the number of different ecosystems on earth

2:

multicellular cells

3:

homeostasis is the upkeep of internal conditions. example: when inhuman body overheats, your body produces sweat to cool down.

4:

Natural selection removes the weaker animal of a species (for example) and so, only the stronger animals pass on their stronger genes and so leads to adaption.

5:

judge work, teach, etc

6:

an independent variable is changed by a scientist in an experiment independent variables are characterized as experimental data.

7:

you would use a TEM because it transmits electrons through a piece of the organism 

8:

one poteinal benefit is being able to know if, in your genes, you may get a disease and also the benefit of using trangentic genes to cure certain illnesses. risks however include parents being able to pick certain genes for their children and the risk of genetically modified food’s effect upon humans and animals.

1:

this is my system of my morning routine. i get up, i brush my teeth, i brush my hair, i put on makeup, and i eat. // ruth

2:

it stays warm because of its fur and the black skin underneath the transparent fur reflecting more warm light.

PH TESTING

American History

History Assignment

The Civil War: 1861-1865

Reviewing Vocabulary

Choose the word or words that best complete the sentence.

1. During the Civil War, the Union was forced to resort to ________ to raise enough troops for the large armies.

 A. attrition

 B habeas corpus

 C.emancipation

 D. conscription

2. Because of the effectiveness of the Union navy, the Confederacy often used _______ to get supplies.

 A. ironclads

 B. blockade runners

 C. cavalry

 D. British warships

3. Union soldiers survived on beans and _______, while Confederate soldiers ate bread made of cornmeal.

 A. hardtack

 B. molasses

 C. hoiminy

 D. tomatoes

4. General Ulysses S. Grant employed a strategy know as a _______ to capture the city of Vicksburg.

 A. battle

 B. blockade

 C. siege

 D. charge

5. Union General Sherman claimed he would “make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war.” He accomplished this during his March to the Sea as his soldiers __________, or looted, nearly everything in their path.

 A. mandated

 B. pillaged

 C. foraged

 D. conscripted

Reviewing Main Ideas

Choose the best answer for each of the following questions.

Section 1 (pp. 314-319)

6. At the beginning of the Civil War, which of the following was an advantage held by the South?

A. It had 90 percent of the nation’s factories.

B. It had most of the experienced army officers.

C. It had twice as many miles of railroad track.

D. It had most of the shipbuilding facilities.

7. Which of the following was part of the Union’s Anaconda Plan for defeating the Confederacy?

A. a blockade of Southern ports

B. a quick ground offensive

C. the assassination of Jefferson Davis

D. a defensive war of attrition

Section 2 (pp. 320-327)

8. The damage done by the Alabama and the Florida created tension between the Union and Great Britain because

 A. it helped the Confederacy to nearly win the war

 B. Great Britain had joined the war on the side of the Confederacy

 C. the ships initially had been promised to the Union

 D. Great Britain had allowed the ships to be built in Britain by the Confederacy

Section 3 (pp. 328-333)

9. Why were war deaths so high during the Civil War?

 A. Doctors were hesitant to amputate damaged limbs

 B. There was little medical care available

 C. Women refused to work on battlefields as nurses.

 D. Doctors knew little about infectious diseases.

10. In the Civil War, women made huge contributions as

 A. nurses

 B. soldiers

 C. reporters

 D. teachers 

Section 4 (pp. 336-341)

11. What was the outcome of the Battle of Gettysburg?

 A. The British began to support the Confederacy

 B. The British decided not to support the Confederacy

 C. The British wanted to support the Union

 D. The British decided to sell ships to the Union

12. After the successful capture of Chattanooga, Lincoln

 A. recalled General Sherman to Washington, D.C.

 B. issued the Emancipation Proclamation

 C. began negotiations for peace with the Confederacy

 D. made General Grant general in chief of the army

Section 5 (pp. 344-349)

13. By 1864, when Grant faced Lee at Spotsylvania , the nature of the war had changed in which of the following ways?

 A. it had been fought mostly in the South and was n ow fought mostly in the North

 B. Where there had been long breaks between battles, there was continuos fighting.

 C. The Confederacy, not the Union, now began to win most battles.

 D. Both sides now introduced new technologies, such as ironclads and conoidal bullets.

Critical Thinking

Choose the best answers to the following questions.

14. One advantage that the Confederacy held during the Civil War was that

 A. it received military and financial support from the British and the French.

 B. many battles occurred on lands with which Southerners were more familiar.

 C. the largest weapons factories were located in the South

 D. most people in the country agreed with the position of the Southern States.

15. One result of the Battle of Antietam was that

 A. Lincoln decided to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

 B. the Confederacy was split in two

 C. Great Britain decided to support the Confederacy

 D. Davis Farragut became a hero in the North

16. The Union blockade of Southern ports helped to win the war by

 A. forcing Jefferson Davis to resign as president of the confederacy

 B. destroying Southern morale through food supply and shortages

 C. making heroes out of blockade runners

 D. making it easier for enslaved people to escape to the North. 

American History

Hoover Responds to the Depression

Reviewing Vocabulary

Choose the word or words that best complete the sentence.

1. In the late 1920’s, many investors engaged in speculation, or purchasing stock

 A. after considering a company’s earnings and profits.

 B. and quickly selling the stock for profit.

 C. by borrowing money from a stockholder.

 D. to invest long-term in the future of the company.

2. The Democratic Party’s first Roman Catholic candidate for president was

 A. Alfred Smith.

 B. Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

 C. Herbert Hoover.

 D. Calvin Coolidge

3. A ________ most often traveled by hopping a railroad car.

 A. photographer

 B. journalist

 C. novelist

 D. hobo

4. Which popular radio style of the 1930’s gained its description from its sponsor?

 A. Amos ’n’ Andy

 B. soap operas

 C. Animal Crackers

 D. American Gothic

5. President Hoover opposed __________, or giving money directly to needy families.

 A. foreclosure

 B. relief

 C. public works

 D. unionization

Reviewing Main Ideas

Choose the best answers to the following questions. 

Section 1 (pp.628-633)

6. One of the major problems with the stock market in the late 1920’s was the number of people who bought stocks

 A. on margin, with borrowed money.

 B. in companies that they supported.

 C. only after carefully studying a company’s history.

 D. without knowing their stockbroker’s reputation.

7. Which of the following was a root cause of the Great Depression?

 A. prohibiting the sale of alcohol

 B. giving women the right to vote

 C. uneven distribution of income

 D. the end of federal control of banks

8. Herbert Hoover won the 1928 election in a landslide, in part because of

 A. fears of another world war.

 B. prosperity under Calvin Coolidge.

 C. having been vice president.

 D. his support for unions.

Section 2 (pp.634-637)

9. Drought and ________ brought about the conditions of that caused the dust bowl.

 A. overgrazing at large cattle farms 

 B. the near extinction of the buffalo

 C. famine

 D. poor farming practices

10. The people who lost their homes in the Great Depression sometimes lived

 A. in shantytowns.

 B. in roadside motels.

 C. on the lawn of the U.S. Capitol.

 D. in public libraries opened to them.

11. Despite the poverty of the 1930’s, more than 60 million people went to the movies weekly. Why were movies so popular?

 A. The special effects used in movies then were amazing.

 B. People could not get over the fact that actors talked.

 C. Movies offered an escape from viewers’ hard lives.

 D. Theaters were air conditioned and offered free popcorn.

Section 3 (pp.640-643)

12. Hoover was slow to respond to the economic crisis because he opposed

  A. all public works projects.

  B. deficit spending.

  C. investing in stocks.

  D. private charities.

13. How did American citizens respond to the Great Depression in the 1930 midterm election?

 A. by reelecting Hoover.

 B. by electing socialist candidates.

 C. by staying away from the polls.

 D. by electing Democrats.

14. What was Hoover’s response to the Bonus Army marchers who came to Washington D.C.?

 A. He ordered them to be paid their bonuses.

 B. He had the army remove them.

 C. He visited them and listened to them.

 D. He set up soup kitchens to feed them.

Contemporary Literature

Here are a couple papers I wrote about 2 of the favorite books I read this year

Paper Towns 

When Margo and Quentin were nine they made a horrible discovery, and responded in very different ways, Margo took two steps forward and Quentin took two steps backward.

Question: Do these descriptions still apply to the characters when they reach highschool? 

Answer: Yes. Margo has less fear than Quentin and is more adventurous than him as well but when Margo goes missing Quentin becomes more adventurous and a little more fearless throughout the book. As for Margo she basically stays the same as when she was younger.

Question: Describe Q’s best friends. how do they fit into the cast system of Winter Park High? If you had to choose one of these characters as your best friend who would you pick and why?

Answer: They’re all basically nerds or geeks that get picked on. I would pick Radar because he normally always knows what to say at a bad or good time.

When Margo goes missing she’s always been known to leave “a bit of a bread crumb trail.”

Question: What clues does Margo leave for Quentin? How are these different from clues left previously? 

Answer: They’re harder to figure out for Q and his friends, like the nail polish or the poems. they’re more advanced…She is really trying to test Quentin this time.

What Q finds in the abandoned mini-mall is nail polish and where Margo had been living for a few days. He learns that Margo really doesn’t want to live in “paper towns” anymore and that he has officially fallen in love with her.

The definition of “paper towns” means that most of the people there are as thin as paper and that most of them are flaky and rude from Margo’s point of few. It is the main reason why Margo leaves she hates it there. 

Question: With which characters version of the “real” Margo do you most agree with?

Answer: I agree with Quentin’s because he knows her best out of all of them.

Question: Q’s parents describe people as “mirrors” and “windows” what does this mean? Do you agree with this metaphor?

Answer: That some people don’t see others as people. Like how Q thought that he never really saw Margo as person, just a mirror. I do agree with it in same ways.

Q comes to this conclusion: “Margo was not a miracle. She was not an advanture. She was not a fine and precious thing. She was a girl. Quentin is in love with her so he saw her more of a miracle who didn’t have to worry about anything he didn’t think of her as other girls because she isn’t like other girls but she still is a girl and he never really thought about that.

The last line of the book is heartwarming to say the least. Everything that Q had gone through to get to her was completely worth her being back with him. No matter what they will always find their way back to each other.

Question: Do you think the characters Margo targets fro revenge get what they deserve? Does Lacy deserve  to be included?

Answer: Yes I think they do get what they deserve. Yes Lacy deserved to be included

When Margo disappears after her outing with Q, it’s not the first time something like that had happened. She basically runs away once every 3 years. She’s never gone as far as she did this time and they had always found her within two weeks. She ran away again because she was sick of the people around her and her friends had pushed her over the edge.

Question: Which philosophy of life do you most agree with?

Answer: I agree with Margo’s strings because it makes the most sense and because it has the most meaning.

The Fault In Our Stars

Question: During a disagreement regarding Hazel’s attendance at Support Group, her mother tells her, “Hazel, you deserve a life.” Consider the irony of this statement. Why is Hazel so resistant to attending her Support Group? Though she doesn’t acknowledge it. What might be some of the benefits of her attending? 

Answer: She doesn’t see the point in it. She knows whats gonna happen at the end of it all so why go to Support Group if she doesn’t need/want support? Her benefits of attending are that she gets to meet teenagers going through similar things.

Question: In what way does Augustus’s introduction to Hazel’s world complicate matters for her? How does their relationship profoundly change her?

Answer: Because when they first meet he takes out a cigarette and puts it in his mouth. It makes her insanely mad cause first of all why would he be smoking after a cancer Support Group and secondly because she cannot breath, so to say the least their relationship kinda starts on the wrong foot. She has a best friend that is going through the same things as her and falls in love with him and realizes that he made her life worth living.

Question: Augustus inquires about Hazel’s background and tells her, “Don’t tell me you’re one of those people who becomes their disease.” In what was do Augustus, Hazel, and Isaac fight to keep cancer from defining who they are? How do they work to prevent it from consuming all aspects of them?

Answer: They focus on the good in life and the fun times more than the bad. They work on having fun with each other.

Question: Though they are intended to inspire and motivate, why does Augustus find humor in his family’s posted “Encouragements”? What can readers glean about him based on his reaction?

Answer: Because he finds them pointless in a way so he makes jokes about them. Because most teenagers are like that so they agree with him.

Question: Though her all-time favorite book is An Imperial Affliction, Hazel shares that she doesn’t like telling people about it because “there are books so special and rare and yours that advertising your affection feels like a betrayal.” What do you believe she means by this statement? Do you agree? Have you ever had a personal connection with a work of art? If so, what was it about the work that “spoke” to you?

Answer: That its a one of a kind book and it takes a certain person to understand it. I do agree. No I have not. 

Question: Hazel shares that through his novel, Peter Van Houten is the only person who understands what it’s like to be dying and not have died. What is it about his perspective that makes Hazel feel so connected to this author?

Answer: Because they have the same struggles in life but yet they don’t at the same time.

Question: Why does Hazel feel so desperate to find out what happens beyond the ending of An Imperial Affliction. What does this indicate about her need for understanding about what comes “after”? 

Answer: Because it’s cliffhanger and she feels like if she finds out what happens after she’ll have an idea what to except after her story ends.

Question: Compare the parent/child relationships in the story: Hazel and her parents and Augusts and his parents. To what extent are

Answer: Hazel and her parents are more funny and friendly with each other than Augusts’s but Augusts and his parents also have a special bound but its more caring.

Question: After hearing Augustus state that he fears oblivion, Hazel tells him, “…even if we survive the collapse of our sun, we will not survive forever.” How does her pragmatic understanding of the frailty of humanity help her remain grounded?

Answer: Because she knows that one day everything will come to an end.

Drivers Education

I got my license after taking lessons and practicing ALOT!





American Government

Here is an example of some of the work I completed for American Government.

Constitutional Freedoms

Reviewing Key Terms

1. From the following list, choose the term that fits each situation described below:

8 shield laws

7 pure speech

2 prior restraint

4 libel

1 heckler’s veto

6 seditious speech

5 picketing

3 symbolic speech

1. Spectators threaten violence against an unpopular demonstration and, in order to keep peace, authorities break up demonstration. Heckler’s veto.

2. A government official tells a reporter that she cannot publish a story that might compromise national security. 

Prior restraint

3. A group burns an American flag to show its objection to a government policy.

Symbolic speech

4. A newspaper publishes an untrue story that damages the reputation of a local resident.

Libel

5. Animal rights activists parade outside a store that sells firs and attempt to convince customers not to enter the establishment.

Picketing

6. An individual urges a group to fight the police rather than obey a police order to disperse.

Seditious speech

7. A person stands in front of a group and states her opinion on an issue.

Pure speech

8. A reporter is protected against being forced to disclose a source of information in court.

Shield laws

2. Recalling Facts

1. List four freedoms the First Amendment protects.

1.Freedom of religion

2.freedom of speech and of the press

3.freedom of assembly and petition

4.search and seizure

2. List four examples of how religion remains part of government.

Most government officials take othas of office in the name of god. The nations coins carry the motto “in god we trust” the pledge of allegiance contains the phrase “one nation under god.” Daily sessions of congress open with a prayer.

3. What is the significance of Engel v. Vitale?

Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.

4. Identify kinds of speech the First Amendment protects and kinds it doesn’t.

It protects pure speech and symbolic speech. It does not protect seditious speech, defamatory speech, or “fighting words.”

5. Under what circumstances would criticism of a public official not be defamatory speech?

criticizing a public officials opinions and ideas that do not help the future of the people would not be defamatory speech 

6. How might freedom of the press interfere with an individual’s right to a fair trial?

A reporter could put facts from a trial into an article or online that haven’t been released to the public yet, making them believe facts that may or may not be true before the individual goes to trial. It can create bias in a jury 

7. Why is prior restraint forbidden in the United States?

Prior restraint is government action prohibits speech or other expressions before it can take place. It prevents the government from suppressing information embarrassing to the government or even just critical of the government.

8. What is the court’s opinion on obscenity?

Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973), is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court wherein the court redefined its definition of obscenity from that of "utterly without socially redeeming value" to that which lacks "serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value".

9. Why may government require that groups first obtain permits to parade or demonstrate?

they have record of the date and area of parade/demonstration, so they can prepare for the crowds they may bring, so they can get proper law enforcement around, etc

10. What is the significance of the Gregory case in expanding the right to assemble?

The court ruled that there was no evidence that the march or the people involved in the march were acting in a disorderly way. So, under the principle *established in Thompson vs. City of Louisville*, the petitioners were not breaking the law. The court said that the petitioners were not convicted for the way they acted during the march, but for their refusal to obey the orders of the police. 

Thus, the critical point is that they refused to obey a direct police order!

11. What is the Supreme Court’s position on picketing?

Picketing is a common tactic used by trade unions during strikes, who will try to prevent dissident members of the union, members of other unions and non-unionised workers from working. Those who cross the picket line and work despite the strike are known pejoratively as scabs.